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Windows Server 2012 : Software and User Account Control Administration (part 1) - Software installation essentials

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1/28/2015 8:29:17 PM

THE security architecture in Microsoft Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8 controls the way accounts are used and the way applications are installed and run. Windows Server 2012 has two general types of user accounts: standard user accounts and administrator user accounts. Standard users can perform any general computing tasks, such as starting programs, opening documents, and creating folders, and any support tasks that do not affect other users or the security of the computer. Administrators, on the other hand, have complete access to the computer and can make changes that affect other users and the security of the computer. Windows 8 adds a special type of local account called a Microsoft account, which can be thought of as a synchronized local account and is not available on earlier releases of Windows.

When it comes to applications, Windows 8 behaves differently from how Windows Server 2012 does as well. Whereas Windows Server 2012 runs programs, some of which are designed specifically for client-server environments, Windows 8 also runs desktop apps. An app is a program in the most general sense.

Software installation essentials

Software installation, configuration, and maintenance are processes that require elevated privileges. Because of User Account Control, the operating system is able to detect the installation of software. When the operating system detects a software installation–related process, it prompts for permission or consent prior to allowing you to install, configure, or maintain software on your computer. This means you must either install software using an account with administrator privileges or provide administrator permissions when prompted. It also means administrator privileges are required to perform the following software maintenance tasks:

  • Change/Update

  • Repair/Reinstall

  • Uninstall/Remove

Windows does not include an Add/Remove Programs utility. Instead, Windows relies completely on the software itself to provide the necessary installation features through a related setup program. Windows also provides the architecture for software access tokens and restrictions that require software programs to write to specific system locations. Software applications not specifically designed to support this architecture are considered legacy applications. Thus, software is either compliant or legacy.

Part of the installation process involves validating your credentials and checking the software’s compatibility. Most software applications have a setup program that uses Windows Installer, InstallShield, or Wise Install. The job of the installer program is to track the installation process and make sure the installation completes successfully. If the installation fails, the installer is also responsible for restoring a computer to its original state by reversing all the changes made by the setup program. Although this works great in theory, you can encounter problems, particularly when you are installing older programs. Older programs won’t have and won’t be able to use the features of the latest versions of installer programs, and as a result, they sometimes are unable to uninstall a program completely.

Because a partially uninstalled program can spell disaster for a computer, you should protect yourself by backing up a server prior to installing any software.

Before installing any software, you should do the following:

  • Check to see whether it is compatible. You can determine compatibility in several ways. You can check the software packaging, which should specify whether the program is compatible. Alternatively, you can check the software developer’s website for a list of compatible operating systems.

  • Check the software developer’s website for updates for the program. If available, download the updates prior to installing the software and then install them immediately after completing the software installation. Some software programs have automated update processes that you can use to check for updates after installing the software. In this case, after installation, run the software and then use the built-in update feature to check for updates.

Diagnosing a problem you are having as a compatibility issue isn’t always easy. For deeper compatibility issues, you might need to contact the software developer’s technical support staff. To avoid known compatibility issues with legacy applications, Windows Server includes an automated detection feature known as the Program Compatibility Assistant.

If the Program Compatibility Assistant detects a known compatibility issue when you run a legacy application, it notifies you about the problem and provides possible solutions for resolving the problem automatically. You can then allow the Program Compatibility Assistant to reconfigure the application for you. Although the Program Compatibility Assistant is helpful, it can’t detect or avoid all compatibility issues. You might have to configure compatibility manually. One way to do this is to press and hold or right-click the software shortcut, select Properties, and then use the options on the Compatibility tab to configure software compatibility options.

Important

Don’t use the Program Compatibility Assistant or similar compatibility features to install older virus detection, backup, or system programs. These programs might attempt to modify your computer’s file systems in a way that is incompatible with Windows Server, and this could prevent Windows Server from starting.

Installation using software application media is straightforward. Not all programs have distribution media on a disc or flash drive. If you download a program from the Internet, it’ll probably be in a .zip or self-extracting executable file and you can install the program by following these steps:

  1. Start File Explorer. Extract the program’s setup files using one of the following techniques:

    • If the program is distributed in a .zip file, press and hold or right-click the file and select Extract All. This displays the Extract Compressed (Zipped) Folders dialog box. Tap or click Browse, select a destination folder, and then tap or click OK. Tap or click Extract.

    • If the program is distributed in a self-extracting executable file, double-tap or double-click the .exe file to extract the setup files. You’ll see one of several types of prompts. If prompted to run the file, tap or click Run. If prompted to extract the program files or select a destination folder, tap or click Browse, select a destination folder, and then tap or click OK. Tap or click Extract or OK as appropriate.

  2. In File Explorer, browse the setup folders and find the necessary setup program file. Double-tap or double-click the setup file to start the installation process.

  3. When Setup starts, follow the prompts to install the software.

If software installation fails and the software used an installer, follow the prompts to allow the installer to restore your computer to its original state. Otherwise, exit Setup and then try re-running Setup to either complete the installation or uninstall the program.

Installing software is only one part of software management. Often after you install software, you need to make configuration changes to your computer or the software itself. You might need to reconfigure, repair, or uninstall the software, or you might need to resolve problems with the way the software starts or runs.

After you install software, you can manage its installation using the Programs And Features page in Control Panel. Windows Server takes advantage of the features of the installer program used with your software. This means you’ll have more configuration options than you otherwise would. For example, previously, most software allowed you to re-run Setup to uninstall the program but didn’t necessarily allow you to re-run Setup to change or repair the software. Windows Server provides these features to make it easier to manage your software.

You can use the Programs And Features page to reconfigure, repair, or uninstall software by following these steps:

  1. In Control Panel, tap or click Uninstall A Program under Programs.

  2. In the Name list, select the program you want to work with and then select one of the following options on the toolbar:

    • Change Modifies the program’s configuration

    • Repair Repairs the program’s installation

    • Uninstall Uninstalls the program

    • Uninstall/Change Uninstalls or changes a program with an older installer program

You can use Task Manager to work with running programs. To access Task Manager, press and hold or right-click the lower-left corner of the Start screen or the desktop and then tap or click Task Manager. Alternatively, press Ctrl+Alt+Delete and then click Task Manager. If the Summary view is displayed when you open Task Manager, tap or click More Details.

Use the information and options provided on the Processes, Performance, and Details tabs to get more information about running programs. When you select a program or process on the Processes tab, you can terminate the process by tapping or clicking End Task.

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