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Understanding Network Services and Active Directory Domain Controller Placement for Exchange Server 2013 (part 9)

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Verifying Global Catalog Creation

When a domain controller receives the orders to become a global catalog server, there is a period of time when the GC information replicates to that domain controller. Depending on the size of the global catalog, this could take a significant period of time. To determine when a domain controller has received the full subset of information, use the repadmin utility in Windows Server 2012. The repadmin utility indicates which portions of the AD database are replicated to different domain controllers in a forest and how recently they have been updated.

Repadmin enables an administrator to determine the replication status of each domain naming context in the forest. The command is repadmin /showrepl <server name>. Because a global catalog server should have a copy of each domain naming context in the forest, determine the replication status of the new GC with repadmin. For example, the fully replicated global catalog server in Figure 6 contains the default naming contexts, such as Schema, Configuration, and DnsZones, in addition to domain naming contexts for all domains. In this example, the companyabc.com domain has been replicated successfully to the DC2 domain controller.

Image

Figure 6. Repadmin GC creation verification.

Global Catalog and Outlook in Exchange Server 2013

In Exchange Server 2003 and Exchange Server 2007, Outlook clients would make direct calls to global catalog servers. This made them susceptible to failure or demotion of domain controllers with global catalogs. In many cases, the failure of a global catalog server would require the restart of all Outlook clients that were using it for lookups.

In Exchange Server 2013, the Outlook client access to the directory has been changed. Outlook clients communicate with the RPC Client Access Service on a Client Access server. This service proxies the global catalog lookups for the Outlook clients rather than having them query the global catalog directly. This reduces the direct dependency of Outlook clients on the global catalog, allowing for better scalability and faster recovery if a global catalog failure occurs.

Understanding Universal Group Caching for AD Sites

Windows Server 2012 Active Directory enables the creation of AD sites that cache universal group membership. Any time a user uses a universal group, the membership of that group is cached on the local domain controller and is used when the next request comes for that group’s membership. This also lessens the replication traffic that would occur if a global catalog was placed in remote sites.

One of the main sources of replication traffic is group membership queries. In Windows 2000 Server Active Directory, every time clients logged on, their universal group membership was queried, requiring a global catalog to be contacted. This significantly increased logon and query time for clients that did not have local global catalog servers. Consequently, many organizations had stipulated that every site, no matter the size, have a local global catalog server to ensure quick authentication and directory lookups. The downside of this was that replication across the directory was increased because every site would receive a copy of every item in the entire AD, even though only a small portion of those items would be referenced by an average site.

Universal group caching solved this problem because only those groups that are commonly referenced by a site are stored locally, and requests for group replication are limited to the items in the cache. This helps limit replication and keep domain logons speedy.

The universal group caching capability is established on a per-site basis, through the following technique:

1. On the domain controller, open the Active Directory Sites and Services tool.

2. Navigate to Sites, sitename.

3. Right-click NTDS Site Settings, and choose Properties.

4. Check the Enable Universal Group Membership Caching check box, as shown in Figure 7.

Image

Figure 7. Universal group caching.

5. Click OK to save the changes.


Note

Universal group (UG) caching is useful for minimizing remote-site replication traffic and optimizing user logons. Universal group caching does not replace the need for local global catalog servers in sites with Exchange servers, however, because it does not replace the use of the GC port (3268), which is required by Exchange. UG caching can still be used in remote sites without Exchange servers that use the site consolidation strategies of Exchange Server previously mentioned.


Exploring Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology Service

The relationship that Exchange Server 2013 has with Active Directory is complex and often misunderstood. Because the directory is no longer local, a special service was written for Exchange to access and process information in AD. Understanding how this service works is critical for understanding how Exchange interacts with AD.

Understanding Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology Service

Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service is one of the most critical services for Exchange Server 2013. The Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service is used to discover current Active Directory topology and direct Exchange to various AD components. The service dynamically produces a list of published AD domain controllers and global catalog servers and directs Exchange resources to the appropriate AD resources.

In addition to simple referrals from Exchange to AD, Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service intelligently detects global catalog and domain controller failures, and directs Exchange to failover systems dynamically, reducing the potential for downtime caused by a failed global catalog server. Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service also caches LDAP queries made from Exchange to AD, speeding up query response time in the process.

On start of the Exchange Server 2013 services, the Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service queries Active Directory and determines which domain controllers and global catalogs are available. It also chooses one as the configuration domain controller. A 2081 event in the application event log is generated. Microsoft Exchange Active Directory Topology service then polls the Active Directory every 15 minutes to identify changes to site structure, domain controller placement, or other structural changes to Active Directory. A 2080 event in the application event log is generated each time. By making effective use of LDAP searches and global catalog port queries, domain controller and global catalog server suitability is determined. Through this mechanism, a single point of contact for the Active Directory is chosen and maintained, which is known as the configuration domain controller.

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